Def. 1) Zupełność/niezupełność w sensie klasycznym a) zbiór formuł X jest zupełny (symbolicznie: X e ZUP) wtw dla każdego zdania A, albo A e CnL(X), albo (~A) e CnL(X). b) Zbiór formuł X jest niezupełny (symbolicznie: X e/ ZUP) wtw istnieje zdanie A takie, że A e/ CnL(X) i zarazem (~A) e/ CnL(X) ...
Niech M= i M* - będą jakimikolwiek interpretacjami tego samego języka Def. 5) Homorfizm/izomorfizm interpretacji. Interpretacje M i M* są homorficzne wtw: Istnieje funkcja h przekształcająca uniwersum U interpretacji M na uniwersum M* interpr...
SEMANTICS AND SEMANTIC CHANGE Basic concepts -word - the smallest (unlike phrase) significant (unlike phoneme) unit of a given language that is internally stable (unlike sentence) and potentially mobile (unlike morpheme). -It is usually separated by spaces in writing and by pauses in speech (or a...
SEMANTICS -Semantics is generally defined as the science of meaning (from GK. Semantikos “significant”) -Semantics was primarily viewed as the science of word meaning and according to Breal semantics was not primarily concerned with the historical change of meaning. -Before the advent of linguist...
SENSE AND REFERENCE Words other than proper names both have a meaning and can be used to refer to objects, and so can larger units such as phrases and sentences. The German philosopher Bottlob Frege proposed that the meaning of and expression be called sense (Sinn), and if the expression refers to...
Words can also undergo specialization, when there is a narrowing of meaning. In the 1611 Bible (Authorized version or King James Bible) we are told that God `formed every beast of the field, and every foule of the aire! (Genesis) There the word foule (modern spelling fowl) means `bird'. Today, we...
Affixation and derivatives - Another way of forming New words is by affixation, for example quantifiable is formed from quant(ity) + ify + able - these new words are known as derivatives - affix = a part of a word that is not a stem or root. Affixes constitute almost a closed class: new elements c...
BORROWING Sometimes, the idea to be named already exists in other cultures by speakers of other language. The earliest way of appropriating the idea to that it can be discussed in English is to borrow the word, and the word is then a loan-word in English. (The term, if you think about it, is a li...
COMPOUNDING One of the easiest ways of forming new words in putting two (or more) old words together. A compound is a lexeme which is made up of two (or more) other lexemes. Compounds in English are not always written in a consistent fashion for example south-east can be written with a hyphen, or ...
Semantic relations Polysemy - a case when a lexeme has more than one meaning We are likely to have several equivalents in one language for one polysemous lexeme in another language. e.g. Polish lexeme zamek in the sense of sth you use to close sth else is polysemous since it has two RELATED meani...
