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SEMANTICS
-Semantics is generally defined as the science of meaning (from GK. Semantikos “significant”)
-Semantics was primarily viewed as the science of word meaning and according to Breal semantics was not primarily concerned with the historical change of meaning.
-Before the advent of linguistic semantics, the problem of meaning has been a traditional concern of philosophers, logicians and psychologists.
-In the XX-th century, semantics is approached from the more general perspective of semiotics, the study of signs, including linguistics signs.
-The branches of Semiotics: syntax/semantics/pragmatics.
-(1) Semiotics the general theory of signs
-Syntax the study of sing-sign relations (distribution)
-Semantics the study of sign-object relations (reference)
-Pragmatics the study of sign-user relations
-Defining the sign in the semiotic tradition: Ogden and Richards (1923):
concept
object (form) word
-Ogden and Richard's description of the functioning of the sign: the presence of the form “causes” the concept, while the concept “sends to” an object
-Forms are indirectly related to objects, by means of concepts.
-There are several points of entry in the study of meaning, which define several major approaches to semantics.
-… Semantics: it is devoted to the study of the relation between linguistics forms and the extra-linguistic entities (objects) they denote.
-Referential semantics is primarily concerned with sentence meaning: word meaning is of interest only to the extent the word contributes to the denotation and truth of the sentence.
-Here are a few similar statements that are part of referential semantics:
-Proper names denote/refer to individuals.
-VPs (verb phrases) denote/refer to eventualities/events
-Sentences refer to states of affairs and they can be true or false
-Structural Semantics: it is devoted to the study of the relation between linguistic forms and the corresponding concepts
-Cognitive semantics: it is devoted to the study of the relation between objects and concepts, more exactly it is concerned with how objects are categorized and stored in the mental/lexicon and used in context.
-A central concern of cognitive semantics is categorization: which objects/phenomena of the world are accounted to be sufficiently similar by speakers of a language to be given the same name.
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