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Typology of semantic changes - A possible typology of semantic changes is that proposed by Stephen Ullman (Semantics, An Introduction to the Science of Meaning, 1963) - Meaning is defined by Ullman as the relation between name and sense. - Ullman's postulate is that no matter what causes bring ab...

Units of Meaning (Word Types, Lexemes) One-morpheme word/simplex - a word built of one (free) morpheme (e.g. crush) Compound word - an expression that consists of at least two free morphemes Complex word - a word built of at least two morphemes - idiom - multi-element expression whose meaning is...

Approaches To Teaching Writing: 1. The Controlled-To-Free Approach Students work on a given material and perform strictly prescribed operations on it. With controlled composition it's hardy to make mistakes and teacher doesn't waste time in correcting them. Free compositions are practiced where th...

Classroom Management - ways in which student's behaviour, movement, interaction is organized and controlled by the teacher to enable teaching to take place most effectively. A lesson plan is a description or outline of: the objectives a teacher has set for a lesson the activities and procedures t...

Cloze test - words are removed from a reading passage at regular intervals, leaving blanks (e.g. every 5th word), it measures reading comprehension, it can be used to judge the difficulty of reading materials. The reader must guess either exact word that was used in the original text or any word tha...

Communicative Language Teaching The objective of communicative language teaching is communicative competence. Communicative competence is the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language on order to form grammatically correct sentences, but also to know when and where to use these ...

The construction of the test: statement of the problem contents (depend on the material, skills) format and timing instructions (brief, unambiguous) criteria levels of performance scoring procedures The following general principles must be observed when constructing a language test: the prin...

Cultural competence (language reflects the culture if its speakers): implies mastery of the norms of society, the unspoken rules of conduct, values and orientations ability to recognize the culturally signification facts 7 categories of culture reaching: the sense of culturally conditioned behav...

Two meanings of word curriculum: the curriculum is an educational programme that states: the educational purpose of the programme (the ends) the content, teaching procedures and learning experiences which will be necessary to achieve this purpose (the means) some means for assessing whether or n...

Drills: the aim of a drill is to give students rapid practice in using a structural item advantage: any mistakes disadvantage: not very creative they are mechanical activities used for practicing a specific language item in a controlled way There are various types of drills: repetition drill -...