MEANS OF SYNTACTIC ORGANISATION Word order - used in analytic languages, e.g. English John loves Mary is not the same as Mary loves John Inflections (grammatical morphemes), used in synthetic languages, such as Polish. Janek kocha Marysię (unmarked=neutral) is basically the same as Marysię kocha J...
PHRASE-main issues It is the smallest complex element of syntactic structure (a group of words that form a grammatical unit) No-subject predicate structure, e.g. A beautiful lady in a floral dress PHRASE A phrase has got a head (the central dominant element of a phrase) Bad weather NP, weather=...
The division of sentences Sentences can be divided on the basis of: Their function into: statements, questions, exclamations, commands, requests, etc. This distinction is often based on the social context: Can you pass me the salt? Can you swim? Their structure into simple sentences (one clause)...
Semantic roles of the subject: Agent John built a birdhouse. Instrument The key opened the safe. Experiencer Margaret felt some pain. Empty It is hot. Cataphoric It bothered me that my daughter lied. Cataprhoric pronoun refers to sth that comes after, anaphoric refers back to an item: Natalie ...
