Historia języka z elementami gramatyki historycznej

Attitudes toward American English language Attitudes toward American English were mixed. Early attitudes of British writers were often patronizing. Reactions to New North American vocabulary terms were often strong, eg. A. Gil (1621) condemns importation of words such as maize and canoe into the l...

Central French period of borrowing (13th-14th): Many of the major concept words in administration and high culture come trom the Central French period of borrowing) We can give many examples, but what is most interesting is to notice how we can tell when the word entered the language. There is a ...

A standard English accompanies the rise of Chancery - “Chancery” comes from the word chanal or chapel of the king, where the chaplains (priests) kapelan of the court originally spent their time between services writing the king's letters. - By the end of 14c, Chancery came to be the place where off...

DIALECTS OF MIDDLE ENGLISH MidE is, one scholar has written, “parexcellence the dialectical phase of English,in the sense that while dialects have been spoken at all periods, it was in MidE that divergent local usage was normal indicated in writing” (Strang, p. 225). This fact means that we can use...

Four ways in which Old English made new words: Determinative compounding: common to all the Germanic languages, this kind of compounding forms new words by yoking together two normally independent nouns, e.g. Earhring (earring); bocstaef (book-staff, i.e., letter); or an adjective and a noun, e.g....

Norman French period of borrowing (11th-12th century): Religious terms: prophet, saint, Baptist, miracle, paradise, sacrament, etc. Social and political terms: prince, dame, master, court, rent, poor, rich, prison, crown, purple, prove, etc. Te...

Old English Dialects North of the Humber River was Northumbrian. This was the dialect that became the standard of a great religious and literary culture in the 8th and 9th centuries. In the middle of the country, between the Humber river to the north and the Thames to the south, was Mercia, a loos...

SAMUEL JOHNSON AND HIS DICTIONARIES I. The origins of lexicography are relatively recent. A. The increases in vocabulary during the 16 and 17c provoked the rise of handbooks of words. B. The early dictionaries offered lists of so-called “hard words: 1) Bullokar's Expositor (1616): words from logic,...

THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH Where does American English begin? Early settlements were points of linguistic entry: New England: 1. Boston, Massachusetts, Bay Colony (early 17c) 2. New London (early 18c) Middle Atlantic 1. New York (founded as New Amsterdam; seized by the English from the Du...

The Beginnings of English language English emerges out of a mix of Germanic languages and dialects in the period roughly around the 6th and 7th centuries. Our earliest recorded documents in the British Isles are from the late 7th and early 8th...