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realism First appeared in Europe and was used by American writers. European Realism developed several decades before American Realism. In Europe - Charles Dickens's - 1st novels - 1830s.
The growing significance of various local communities - created for a specific kind of literature - local colour writing - koloryt lokalny - focused on the lives of communities to which the author and the audience belonged. A number of literary artists started their careers as local artists. Yet, some of them didn't abandoned other themes. regionalism - very important branch of American writing
the aim of realism - a presentation of Reality
William Dean Howells (1837-1920) - a prominent figure on literary scene; editor of “Atlantic Monthly” - contained published works of writers. Had a lot of admiration from Twain and James. Wrote both - critical pieces of writing and fiction. A great writer promoted by Howells: Mark Twain. Criticism and Fiction - fundamental text - fidelity to life is identified by a criteria in the assessment of literary works.
A Modern Instance The novel explores the deterioration of what could have been an otherwise healthy marriage through industrial enterprise and capitalistic greed.
W.D. Howells represents Genteel Realism:
Profanation of the life of social classes; the environment he functioned in The use of melodramatic solutions
Mark Twain (1835-1910) the leading US humorous writer of the 19th century. His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens; came from the Midwest, Missouri, Mississippi - the most frequent setting of his novels. Worked as a journalist.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Life on the Mississippi - the theme of a pilot and a journalist at the same time
Roughing it - 2nd important autobiographical work; it tells about his and his brother's trip to American West.
Innocence Abroad - reportage from the trip to Europe. He went to Europe together with the bunch of tourists, his task was to report. Shows confrontation between Americans and Europeans. A special kind of lg - used common regional speech; lg reflects speech; incorporates various narrative forms.
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
As the realist novel
Major work of American Realism; conventional elements are present:
Language - common lg, understandable to audience; combines a variety of different dialects - Southern and S-W; regional lg - enhances realistic quality of situations
Setting - place - preoccupation with space, not only geographical existence but also presentation of the communities. The most often environment - the small towns
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… - place - preoccupation with space, not only geographical existence but also presentation of the communities. The most often environment - the small towns
There are a number of chapters when the characters have the opportunity to go to nearby houses. Construction allows to portrait various kinds of individual people and communities; King and Duke prepare performance - the whole community is easily tricked by 2 common men
The presentation of representative of human types - families, whole town communities - Duke, King, judge.
A concern with social problems - slavery - a legacy of racial prejudice. In a sense Hucj Finn learns to think outside categories; modification serves as a critique).
As the novel of Rivers and Roads
Lies at the origin of genre which is primarily cinematic tradition in the 20th…
… then a human being - the consequences of perception of himself. Racial prejudice haunts him but Jim “forces” him to change his nature.
Not only internal change; the trip on the raft also teaches to behave in pragmatic way; he has to conceive immediate solutions for critical situations;
Pragmatic - visible strikingly, clearly in concluding part - Tom Sawyer appears who is totally impractical. He…
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