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Przedstawiono rysunek i opis w jaki sposób wypowiadane są spółgłoski m.in : mechanizmy, miejsca artykulacji, sposoby artykulacji.
The production of speech - consonants
1. Organs of speech
Lips
Teeth
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Soft palate (velum)
Uvula
Tip of the tongue
Blade of the tongue
Front of the tongue
Back of the tongue
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
2. The production of speech -consonants
Consonant - a sound that involves some obstruction of the airflow The air-stream mechanism - term used to describe a body of moving air used in speech production
Types of mechanisms:
The pulmonic egressive - the air is expelled from the lungs and gets out through the mouth or nose, or both
Glottalic egressive - the air is above the glottis, vocal folds are closed
Velaric ingressive - the air is somewhere near the velum - chucking
Egressive - when you exhale
Ingressive - when you inhale
Glottis - space between the vocal cords
If the glottis is open, produced sounds are voiceless
If the glottis is closed, produces sounds are voiced
Velum:
If the track is closed by the velum and the tongue, the air escapes through the nose and the consonant is called nasal
If the track is open, the air escapes through the mouth and the consonant is called oral
3. Places of articulation:
Bilabial -both lips
Labio-dental - lower lip and upper front teeth
Dental - tongue tip and upper front teeth
Alveolar - tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge Post-alveolar
Retroflex - tongue tip curled back past the alveolar ridge
Palato-alveolar - blade of the tongue rising towards the alveolar ridge and the front of the hard palate
Palatal - front of the tongue and the hard palate
Velar - back of the tongue and the velum
Uvular
Glottal - vocal folds
4. The manner of articulation:
Stops - the articulators come together and cut off the flow of the air, then they separate abruptly
Trill - series of rapid intermittent closures made by flexible organ on a firmer surface
Tap - a single act of hitting a firmer surface by a flexible organ
Lateral (approximant) - the air escapes through the space on the sides of the tongue
Fricative - the articulators are very close together leaving only a very narrow channel through which the air escapes, producing turbulences
Lateral fricative - combination of lateral and fricative
Approximant - the articulators are near each other but large enough for the air to escape without causing turbulence
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