Structures • A structure - consists of a sequence of named members of various types • struct starts a structure declaration (a list of declarations enclosed in braces) • An optional name called a structure tag may follow the word struct • Access: struct-name.member •
The complete set of escape sequences \a alert (bell) character \\ backslash \b backspace \? question mark \f formfeed \' single quote \n newline \" double quote \r carriage return \ ooo octal number \t horizontal tab \x hh hexadecimal numbe...
The if statement • The general form is if ( expression ) statement1 else statement2 • One and only one of the two statements associated with an if-else is performed • If the expression is: - true, statement1 is executed; - if not, statement2 is executed. • Each statement can be a single statement o...
The switch statement • Syntax: switch ( expression ) { case const-expr : statements case const-expr : statements default: statements } • Example: switch (c=getchar()) { case '0': printf("Zero...
The ternary operator ?: • Syntax: expr 1 ? expr 2 : expr 3 • The expression expr 1 is evaluated first • If it is true (not 0), then the result is equal to expr 2 • Otherwise expr 3 is evaluated as the value • Only one of expr 2 and expr 3 is evaluated •
Tmpfile • Creates a temporary file. FILE *tmpfile( void ); • creates a temporary file and returns a pointer to that stream • The user does not specify / know the name of the file • NULL if error • The file is automatically deleted when: - the file...
Unicode • ASCII does not cover characters from all languages • „ Standards” - only a partial solution • Solution: Unicode • Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems • More than 109,000 ...
Variables in memory • Each variable is stored somewhere in the memory • The address of a variable is the index of the first memory byte where the variable is stored • The number of bytes occupied by a variable depends on its type and the system; ch...
Very big integers: long long int • Available in some systems • Usually 64 bits long • Range: - -9223372036854775808 .. 9223372036854775807 (signed) - 0 .. 18446744073709551615 (unsigned) • Printing with
void assert(int expression ); - Macro used to add diagnostics. - If expression is false, message printed on stderr and abort called to terminate execution. Source file and line number in messag...
